Multilingual speakers’ L1, L2, and L3 fluency across languages: A study of Finnish, Swedish, and English

In this article, we report the results of the first stage of the MultiFluency project. The analysis focused on multilingual speakers' speech fluency in three languages: Finnish, Swedish, and English. The results suggest connections in fluency across the languages in a multilingual speaker’s repertoire, but the strength of the correlations varies depending on the participants’ L1(s) and proficiency level in the additional languages. Based on the findings, further research on fluency among multilingual speakers is needed. The study was funded by the Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland.